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来源：http://www.cx-fire.com/ 日期：2026-03-13
每日学习一点消防知识，至关重要，只有经常不断学习，才能在面对突发事件时保持冷静，预防火灾的发生，保护自己和他人的生命财产安全，让我消防们一起行动起来，用我们的知识和行动为我们的社区、我们的家人和朋友创造一个更安全的世界。 水喷雾灭火系统的特点集中体现在水雾喷头上。在所有的喷头中，只有水雾喷头是喷水雾的。水雾的形成完全依靠水雾喷头的特殊结构。高压水进入喷头后，这些特殊结构，使水在流动的过程中经冲击、碰撞、回转、搅拌等作用，将水击碎成为细小的水雾，并以一定的速度从喷头喷出。因此，水雾喷头的特殊结构不同，产生水雾的机理也不完全相同。水雾的粒径和水雾锥的形状都有差别，所以应根据不同的防护目的和防护对象来选用与之相适应的水雾喷头。水雾喷头的结构和工作原理：
It is crucial to learn some fire safety knowledge every day. Only by constantly learning can we remain calm in the face of emergencies, prevent fires, protect our own and others' lives and property safety. Let us firefighters take action together and use our knowledge and actions to create a safer world for our community, our families, and friends. The characteristics of the water spray extinguishing system are concentrated on the water spray nozzle. Among all the nozzles, only the water mist nozzle sprays water mist. The formation of water mist relies entirely on the special structure of the water mist nozzle. After high-pressure water enters the nozzle, these special structures cause the water to undergo impact, collision, rotation, stirring, and other effects during the flow process, breaking the water into small water mist and spraying it out of the nozzle at a certain speed. Therefore, the special structure of the water mist nozzle is different, and the mechanism of generating water mist is not completely the same. The particle size of water mist and the shape of water mist cone are different, so the appropriate water mist nozzle should be selected according to different protection purposes and objects. Structure and working principle of water mist nozzle:
水雾喷头是利用离心力或机械撞击力将流经喷头的水分解为细小的水雾，并以一定的喷射角将水雾喷出的一种喷头。
Water mist nozzle is a type of nozzle that uses centrifugal force or mechanical impact force to decompose the water flowing through the nozzle into fine water mist, and sprays the water mist out at a certain spray angle.
按照水流特点：水雾喷头可以分为离心式水雾喷头和撞击式水雾喷头。
According to the characteristics of water flow, water mist nozzles can be divided into centrifugal water mist nozzles and impact water mist nozzles.
按照喷出的雾滴流速可分为高速水雾喷头和中速水雾喷头。
According to the velocity of the sprayed droplets, it can be divided into high-speed water mist nozzles and medium speed water mist nozzles.
离心式水雾喷头：一般都是高速喷头；而撞击式水雾喷头一般都是中速喷头。离心式高速水雾喷头由有使水流产生旋转流动的雾化芯和决定雾化角的喷口构成，水进入喷头后，一部分沿内壁的流道高速旋转形成旋转水流，另一部分仍沿喷头轴向直流，两部分水流从喷口喷出后成为细水雾。按照结构上的差异，离心式高速喷头可分为两种，如下图a、b。
Centrifugal water mist nozzle: usually a high-speed nozzle; And impact type water mist nozzles are generally medium speed nozzles. The centrifugal high-speed water mist nozzle consists of an atomizing core that generates a rotating flow of water flow and a nozzle that determines the atomization angle. After the water enters the nozzle, a part of it rotates at high speed along the inner wall flow channel to form a rotating water flow, while the other part still flows directly along the nozzle axis. The two parts of the water flow are sprayed out from the nozzle and become fine water mist. According to the structural differences, centrifugal high-speed nozzles can be divided into two types, as shown in Figure a and b.
（a）进出水口成一定交角的离心式喷头（b）进出水口成直线的离心式喷头
(a) Centrifugal nozzle with inlet and outlet at a certain angle (b) Centrifugal nozzle with inlet and outlet in a straight line
离心式水雾喷头的体积小，喷射速度高，雾化均匀，雾滴直径细，贯穿力强，适用于扑救电气设备的火灾和闪电高于60度以上的可燃液体的火灾。离心式水雾喷头的喷口对一定的喷头本体而言是可以互换的，喷口的喷射角一般在30°~180°之间，有30°、60°、90°、120°、140°等七种规格。撞击式水雾喷头外形如下图：c、d。
The centrifugal water mist nozzle has a small volume, high spraying speed, uniform atomization, fine droplet diameter, and strong penetration force. It is suitable for extinguishing fires in electrical equipment and fires involving flammable liquids with lightning above 60 degrees Celsius. The nozzle of a centrifugal water mist nozzle is interchangeable for a certain nozzle body, and the spray angle of the nozzle is generally between 30 ° and 180 °, with seven specifications including 30 °, 60 °, 90 °, 120 °, and 140 °. The appearance of the impact type water mist nozzle is shown in the following figure: c, d.
（c）撞击式雾化喷头
(c) Impact type atomizing nozzle
（d）撞击式反作用中速喷头
(d) Impact type reaction medium speed nozzle
撞击式中速水雾喷头由喷水口和溅水盘组成雾化装置，水从一个渐缩口喷出，形成充实的细水柱，直射到锥形的溅水盘上，溅散成小粒径的雾滴，同时由于惯性作用，溅散成的雾滴沿锥形面射出使雾锥的外包络线成圆锥形，圆锥内充满水滴，形成水雾锥。溅水盘的锥角不同，雾锥的雾化角也不相同，一定锥角的溅水盘和一定口径的射水口组成一定规格的喷头。
The impact type medium speed water mist nozzle consists of a spray nozzle and a splash plate forming an atomization device. Water is sprayed from a tapered nozzle to form a dense fine water column, which is directly directed onto the conical splash plate and splashes into small particle size mist droplets. At the same time, due to inertia, the scattered mist droplets are ejected along the conical surface, causing the outer envelope of the mist cone to form a conical shape, and the cone is filled with water droplets, forming a water mist cone. The cone angle of the splash disk is different, and the atomization angle of the fog cone is also different. A splash disk with a certain cone angle and a certain diameter of the water outlet form a nozzle of a certain specification.
撞击式喷头从射水口射出的充实水柱，通过在溅水盘上的撞击才能雾化，因此使射流的速度减小，雾化后的水雾流速也降低。因而叫中速喷头。它的雾化性能次于离心式喷头。由于射流速度中等，所以贯穿能力也稍差，但可以有效的作用在液面上，又不会产生较大的挠性，所以可以用于甲乙丙类可燃液体及液化石油气装置的防护冷却及开口容器可燃液体的火势控制。撞击式水雾喷头的雾化角与离心型水雾喷头相同，也有七种规格可供选用。
The impact nozzle sprays a solid water column from the water outlet, which is atomized by the impact on the splash plate, thus reducing the velocity of the jet and the flow rate of the atomized water mist. Therefore, it is called a medium speed nozzle. Its atomization performance is inferior to centrifugal nozzles. Due to the medium jet velocity, the penetration ability is slightly poor, but it can effectively act on the liquid surface without producing significant flexibility. Therefore, it can be used for protective cooling of flammable liquids of Class A, B, C, and liquefied petroleum gas devices, as well as fire control of flammable liquids in open containers. The atomization angle of the impact type water mist nozzle is the same as that of the centrifugal type water mist nozzle, and there are also seven specifications available for selection.
水雾喷头的水力特性参数：
Hydraulic characteristic parameters of water mist nozzle:
如前所述水雾喷头的喷口有一定的喷射角，因此喷出的水雾呈几何锥体状，锥体内的水雾具有一定质量的水滴，这些水滴以一定的初速度合成。其中初速度会愈来愈小，而重力加速度会愈来愈大，因此喷头水雾锥的几何形状与这两种速度的变化关系较大。尤其是喷头安装的俯角是影响两种速度的根本因素。当喷头向下时水雾质点的初速度和重力加速度的方向大致相同，水雾锥基本上是一个等边圆锥体，如下图（e）这个圆锥体有三个特点；（e）水雾喷头下垂喷雾的水雾锥1、水雾从喷口喷出后，按喷口的喷射角运动，圆锥的直径越来越大，离喷口近的圆锥截面A，其面积小离喷口距离远的圆锥截面B，依次可以切出与喷嘴中轴线垂直的若干个圆锥底面，如图（e）所示。
As mentioned earlier, the nozzle of the water mist nozzle has a certain spray angle, so the sprayed water mist is in a geometric cone shape. The water mist inside the cone has a certain mass of water droplets, which are synthesized at a certain initial velocity. The initial velocity will decrease while the gravitational acceleration will increase, so the geometric shape of the nozzle water mist cone is closely related to the changes in these two velocities. Especially the installation angle of the nozzle is the fundamental factor affecting the two speeds. When the nozzle is facing downwards, the initial velocity of the water mist particles and the direction of gravitational acceleration are roughly the same. The water mist cone is basically an equilateral cone, as shown in Figure (e), which has three characteristics; (e) The water mist cone 1 of the water mist nozzle drooping spray. After the water mist is ejected from the nozzle, it moves according to the spray angle of the nozzle, and the diameter of the cone becomes larger and larger. The cone section A near the nozzle is smaller, and the cone section B far away from the nozzle is smaller. The bottom surface of a cone perpendicular to the central axis of the nozzle can be cut in turn, as shown in Figure (e).
2、圆锥底面愈小，水雾锥的体积愈小，水雾比较密集，水滴平均粒度较细，具有较快的运动速度；圆锥底面愈大，水雾锥的体积愈大，水雾比较稀疏，运动速度减慢。
2. The smaller the cone bottom, the smaller the volume of the water mist cone, the denser the water mist, the finer the average particle size of the water droplets, and the faster the movement speed; The larger the base of the cone, the larger the volume of the water mist cone, the sparser the water mist, and the slower the movement speed.
3、离开喷嘴的水雾，沿喷嘴的喷射角作惯性运动，此后受空气阻力和重力的影响，运动质点不再沿喷射角运动，而改为垂直向下，如图（e）中的K点，这时水雾锥已不复存在。
3. The water mist leaving the nozzle undergoes inertial motion along the spray angle of the nozzle. Subsequently, due to the influence of air resistance and gravity, the moving particles no longer move along the spray angle but instead move vertically downwards, as shown at point K in figure (e). At this point, the water mist cone no longer exists.
由上述分析可知：
From the above analysis, it can be concluded that:
1、底面积最大的水雾锥，没有利用价值。因为雾滴稀疏，运动速度慢，不利于冷却，同时，易受风和热气流的影响而发生漂移，使水雾不能完全到达保护面。
1. The water mist cone with the largest bottom area has no utilization value. Due to the sparse droplets and slow movement speed, it is not conducive to cooling. At the same time, it is easily affected by wind and hot air currents, causing drift and preventing the water mist from fully reaching the protective surface.
2、底面积较小的水雾锥，虽然可以利用，但从喷头与用电设备的安全距离考虑，水雾喷头离保护对象太近，容易使雾滴从保护面反弹而损失。此外离喷头太近的圆锥底面积也太小，利用起来不经济。
2. Water mist cones with smaller bottom areas can be utilized, but considering the safe distance between the nozzle and the electrical equipment, if the nozzle is too close to the protected object, it can easily cause droplets to bounce off the protective surface and be lost. In addition, the conical base area that is too close to the nozzle is also too small, making it uneconomical to use.
因此，应尽可能利用喷头在有效射程内的最大圆锥面，在这个圆锥面的锥体内，水雾密集，喷速适中，完全可以满足冷却和灭火的需要。这样的水雾锥体叫水雾锥，它的圆锥底面直径叫有效喷雾直径，也叫最大喷雾直径。之所以叫最大，是因为其向后延伸的圆锥面已无利用价值。
Therefore, the maximum conical surface of the nozzle within the effective range should be utilized as much as possible. Within this conical surface, the water mist is dense and the spraying speed is moderate, which can fully meet the needs of cooling and fire extinguishing. Such a water mist cone is called a water mist cone, and its cone bottom diameter is called the effective spray diameter, also called the maximum spray diameter. The reason why it is called the largest is because its conical surface extending backwards has no further utilization value.
水雾喷头向下喷射的水雾锥参数关系式如下：
The relationship between the parameters of the water mist cone sprayed downwards by the water mist nozzle is as follows:
R=B·taθ/2 B--水雾喷头至保护面积的距离（m）一般应不大于喷头的有效射程；R--喷头的喷射半径（m），应小于或等于喷头的最大有效圆锥面，圆的直径之半；
R=B · ta θ/2 B -- The distance from the water mist nozzle to the protected area (m) should generally not exceed the effective range of the nozzle; R - The spray radius of the nozzle (m) should be less than or equal to half of the diameter of the maximum effective conical surface of the nozzle;
θ--水雾喷头雾化角或喷射角（°）。
θ - atomization angle or spray angle of the water mist nozzle (°).
该关系式是在喷头下垂安装时，推导而得，因此，只能用于喷头对于平面保护对象时计算之用。如液化石油气罐装间、如瓶库、危险品仓库等场所，其保护面积按建筑物使用面积计算。
This relationship is derived when the nozzle is installed with a droop, therefore, it can only be used for calculation when the nozzle is protecting a flat object. The protection area of places such as liquefied petroleum gas tank loading rooms, bottle warehouses, and dangerous goods warehouses is calculated based on the building's usable area.
同样在保护这些场所时，也要求水雾完全覆盖保护平面，并不出现空白，这就要求喷头布置间距应满足下图g、f。
When protecting these places, it is also required that the water mist completely covers the protection surface without leaving any gaps. This requires that the spacing between the nozzles should meet the requirements of g and f in the following figure.
（g）菱形布置时喷头间距 （f）正方形布置时喷头的间距其中R就是喷头的喷射半径，其值应大于有效圆锥面的圆半径。 当保护平面与地平面呈竖直状态时，水雾喷头必须水平安装，其俯角为90度，这时喷雾锥的情况就有一定差别。由于重力作用方向与质点运动方向成90度角，重力的作用变得非常明显，使喷雾锥有了一定的改变。如图（h）所示，（h）喷头水平喷射时的水雾锥图水雾从喷口O处喷出，在中心轴CO以上部分的水雾在惯性力的作用下，仍沿喷头喷射角向前并向上运动，其运动轨迹如图（h）中的OA线，。当质点到达A点后，其向上的分速度为零，在惯性力和重力的作用下，质点中的ACD线，A点是弧形OACD的顶点。研究认为，从A点处作一截图AGB，在这个截面上的水雾，密度适中，雾滴直径细，并具有一定的运动速度，不易产生飘移，是适合于灭火和冷却的；当然，在这截面之前，靠近喷头截面上的水雾仍可利用，但必须从经济、安全距离和减少喷射反弹的因素考虑。AGB截面以外，距喷头更远处，仍然有水雾，但这些水雾的密度稀疏，不能满足喷雾强度的要求，水雾运动速度慢，易产生飘移，因而无利用价值。因此称AGB截面为最大有效锥截面。
(g) When arranged in a diamond shape, the distance between nozzles (f) is the distance between nozzles when arranged in a square shape, where R is the spray radius of the nozzle, which should be greater than the circular radius of the effective conical surface. When the protective plane is vertical to the horizon, the spray nozzle must be installed horizontally, and its depression angle is 90 degrees. At this time, the situation of the spray cone is somewhat different. Since the direction of gravity action and the direction of particle movement form a 90 degree angle, the effect of gravity becomes very obvious, which changes the spray cone to a certain extent. As shown in Figure (h), the water mist cone diagram of the horizontal spray nozzle (h) shows that the water mist is sprayed from nozzle O, and the water mist above the central axis CO still moves forward and upward along the spray angle of the nozzle under the action of inertial force. Its motion trajectory is shown as the OA line in Figure (h),. When the particle reaches point A, its upward velocity is zero. Under the action of inertia and gravity, the ACD line in the particle, point A, is the vertex of the arc-shaped OACD. Research suggests that taking a screenshot of AGB from point A, the water mist on this section has a moderate density, fine droplet diameter, and a certain movement speed, making it less prone to drift and suitable for fire extinguishing and cooling; Of course, before this section, the water mist near the nozzle section can still be utilized, but it must be considered from the perspectives of economy, safety distance, and reducing jet rebound. Beyond the AGB section, farther away from the nozzle, there are still water mist, but the density of these water mist is sparse, which cannot meet the requirements of spray intensity. The water mist moves slowly, which is easy to drift, so it has no use value. Therefore, the AGB section is referred to as the maximum effective cone section.
喷头的水力特性参数中，除了喷雾角外，还有有效射程、固有射程、最大射程、最小射程等。图（h）中Sax——最大射程，即上包络线着地点至喷头的水平距离；、
In addition to the spray angle, there are also effective range, inherent range, maximum range, minimum range, etc. Sax in Figure (h) represents the maximum range, which is the horizontal distance from the point where the upper envelope line touches the nozzle; 、
So——固有射程；
So - inherent range;
Smin——最小射程；
Smin - minimum range;
S——有效射程；
S - effective range;
Dmax最大有效喷射直径。
Dmax maximum effective jet diameter.
喷雾角是喷头固有的，是按公称工作压力0.35MPa压力下，以最低洒水密度6L/min·㎡为分界面确定的雾化角读数。它不随安装高度和俯角的变化而改变，只要工作压力达到额定数值，喷头喷出的水雾锥的锥顶夹角就是固定的。但应注意，水雾喷头在工作时，水压不变，喷雾角愈小，其有效喷射俞远；反之喷雾角度愈大，有效射程则俞短。但在有效射程内，喷雾角度愈大，保护面积愈大。使用喷雾角度大的喷头，可以节省喷头数，但它的射程短，应接近保护面安装。在实际工程中，都是以不同的喷雾角的喷头配合来保护形状复杂的专用设备。俯角大小对水雾锥的形状有一定的影响，但如果直接应用马蹄形圆锥面，在工程上很困难，一般都是给予一定的修正，近似地看作圆形底面，这样应用起来就很方便，也不影响应用效果。
The spray angle is inherent to the nozzle. It is the reading of the spray angle determined by taking the minimum spraying density of 6L/min · ㎡ as the interface under the nominal working pressure of 0.35MPa. It does not change with changes in installation height and depression angle. As long as the working pressure reaches the rated value, the cone top angle of the water mist cone sprayed by the nozzle is fixed. However, it should be noted that when the water mist nozzle is working, the water pressure will not change, and the smaller the spray angle, the more effective the spray will be; On the contrary, the larger the spray angle, the shorter the effective range. But in the effective range, the larger the spray angle, the larger the protection area. The use of nozzles with large spray angles can save the number of nozzles, but its range is short and should be installed close to the protective surface. In practical projects, the nozzles with different spray angles are used to protect special equipment with complex shapes. The size of the depression angle has a certain influence on the shape of the water mist cone, but it is difficult to directly apply the horseshoe shaped cone surface in engineering. Generally, a certain correction is given, and it is approximated as a circular bottom surface. This makes it convenient to apply without affecting the application effect.
按规范要求，喷头喷出的水雾应在有效射程之内到达保护对象的保护面，若干喷头的水雾锥应两面相交，完全覆盖保护面。因此喷头的喷雾锥是指向保护面的。水雾锥的平剖面锥边线应在水雾未到达保护面之前两辆相交。。实际上以水雾锥的锥边缘线在平面、立面上的投影线相交，这样就能完全把保护对象淹没在水雾之中。如图（r）（z）就是电力变压器喷头包络线相交的平面和立面图。（r）立剖面的喷头包络线相交图（z）变压器油坑的喷雾锥平面相交覆盖图喷头的K值，即喷头的流量系数，是保证喷头在规定的试验条件下，喷头的流量与工作压力之间的关系，由下式表达：q=K√￣10p式中 q——喷头的流量（L/min）
According to the specifications, the water mist sprayed by the nozzle should reach the protective surface of the protected object within the effective range, and the water mist cones of several nozzles should intersect on both sides, completely covering the protective surface. Therefore, the spray cone of the nozzle points to the protective surface. The horizontal profile edge of the water mist cone should intersect with two vehicles before the water mist reaches the protective surface.. In fact, by intersecting the projection lines of the edge lines of the water mist cone on the plane and elevation, the protected object can be completely submerged in the water mist. As shown in figures (r) and (z), they are the plane and elevation views where the envelope lines of the power transformer nozzle intersect. (r) Intersection diagram of nozzle envelope of vertical section (z) Intersection diagram of spray cone plane of transformer oil pit K value of nozzle, namely the flow coefficient of nozzle, is the relationship between nozzle flow and working pressure under the specified test conditions, which is expressed by the following formula: q=K √￣ 10p, where q - nozzle flow (L/min)
p——喷头的工作压力（MPa）
P - Working pressure of nozzle (MPa)
K——喷头的流量系数，由喷头生产厂家提供。
K - Flow coefficient of the nozzle, provided by the nozzle manufacturer.
喷头的工作压力，应以系统内最不利点处喷头的实际工作压力为依据。规范规定，用于灭火时，喷头的工作压力不小于0.35MPa；用于防护冷却时，喷头的工作压力不小于0.2MPa。
The working pressure of the nozzle should be based on the actual working pressure of the nozzle at the most unfavorable point in the system. According to regulations, when used for fire extinguishing, the working pressure of the nozzle shall not be less than 0.35MPa; When used for protective cooling, the working pressure of the nozzle shall not be less than 0.2 MPa.
喷头的规格，以在额定工作压力（0.35MPa）下，流量的平均值来表示，如下图
The specifications of the nozzle are represented by the average flow rate at the rated working pressure (0.35MPa), as shown in the following figure
三种反作用中速喷头：1、反作用中速水雾喷头：主要用于保护球形储罐和大型储箱等储存设备。2、ZSTWC型中速水雾喷头。主要用来保护闪点在66度以上的易燃液体、气体、和固体危险区，也可以向火灾附近受火灾威胁的外墙实施喷雾冷却保护防止火灾蔓延。
Three types of reaction medium speed nozzles: 1. Reaction medium speed water mist nozzle: mainly used to protect storage equipment such as spherical storage tanks and large storage tanks. 2. ZSTWC type medium speed water mist nozzle. It is mainly used to protect the flammable liquid, gas, and solid hazardous areas with flash points above 66 degrees, and can also implement spray cooling protection to the fire threatened external walls near the fire to prevent the spread of fire.
3、ZSTWB型高速水雾喷头。主要用于保护大型充油电力变压器、液化石油气储罐及扑灭电气设备、可燃液体（闪电在66度以上）的火灾。
3. ZSTWB high-speed water mist nozzle. Mainly used to protect large oil filled power transformers, liquefied petroleum gas storage tanks, and extinguish fires of electrical equipment and flammable liquids (lightning above 66 degrees).
水雾喷头的标志识别：
Identification of Water Mist Nozzles:
水雾喷头选用注意事项：1、扑救电气火灾选用离心雾化型的高速喷雾喷头，因其水雾滴不连续，有较好的电绝缘性能。
Precautions for selection of water spray nozzle: 1. Centrifugal atomization type high-speed spray nozzle is selected for electrical fire fighting, which has good electrical insulation performance due to discontinuous water spray droplets.
2、在腐蚀性环境中应选用防腐蚀型水雾喷头。3、在粉尘环境中的水雾喷头应带有防护罩。
2. In corrosive environments, corrosion-resistant water mist nozzles should be selected. 3. Water mist nozzles in dusty environments should be equipped with protective covers.
